Understanding conjunctions in English

Anna: Hi, Sarah! Do you want to go to the park or stay home today?
Sarah: I’d love to go to the park, but I have so much homework.
Anna: Oh no! You could do both your homework and take a short break at the park.
Sarah: That’s a good idea! Since the weather is so nice, I think I’ll try that.
Anna: Great! Call me when you’re ready to go.
Sarah: Sure! Let me finish my math assignment first, then I’ll join you.


Grammar

Conjunctions

Types of conjunctions

There are three main types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Let’s learn about each type.

1. Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect two words, phrases, or sentences that are equal in importance. Use the acronym FANBOYS to remember them:

  • For (reason)

  • And (addition)

  • Nor (negative addition)

  • But (contrast)

  • Or (choice)

  • Yet (contrast)

  • So (result)

Examples:

  • I like coffee, and I like tea.

  • She was tired, but she finished her work.

  • Do you want pizza or pasta?

2. Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause (incomplete idea) to an independent clause (complete idea). These conjunctions show relationships like cause, time, condition, or contrast.

Common subordinating conjunctions:

  • Because (reason)

  • Although (contrast)

  • If (condition)

  • When (time)

  • Since (time or reason)

  • While (time or contrast)

Examples:

  • I stayed home because it was raining.

  • Although he was late, he still joined the meeting.

  • Call me when you arrive.

3. Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect equal parts of a sentence. They always appear together.

Common correlative conjunctions:

  • Either...or

  • Neither...nor

  • Not only...but also

  • Both...and

Examples:

  • You can either come with me or stay here.

  • She likes both chocolate and vanilla.

  • Not only did he study hard, but also he passed the test.

How to use conjunctions

  1. Use a comma with coordinating conjunctions when joining two independent clauses.

    • Example: I was hungry, so I made a sandwich.

  2. Do not use a comma before subordinating conjunctions unless the dependent clause comes first.

    • Example: Because it was late, we decided to go home.

  3. Keep correlative conjunctions balanced. Make sure the parts they connect are similar in structure.

    • Example: She wants not only to travel but also to learn new languages.

Practice

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Complete the sentences with the correct conjunction.

  1. I was tired, ______ I went to bed early. (and/but/so)

  2. She didn’t eat breakfast ______ she was in a hurry. (because/or/when)

  3. You can have ______ tea ______ coffee. (both...and/either...or)

Exercise 2: Combine the sentences

Use a conjunction to combine the sentences.

  1. It was raining. We stayed inside.

  2. He likes apples. He doesn’t like oranges.

  3. You must finish your homework. You can play video games after that.

Summary

Conjunctions are important for connecting ideas in English. Remember the three types: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Practice using them to make your sentences smoother and more natural.

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